Preface  v

1  Introduction  1 
        Wayne W. Zachary and Scott P. Robertson

 I. Observation and Analysis of Cooperative Systems  23
        Scott P. Robertson

2  What is Human-Machine Interaction  25
        Lucy A. Suchman

3 Organizing Information Processing Systems:Parallels Between Human Organizations and Computer Systems 56
        Thomas W. Malone

4  Cognitive Change by Appropriation  84
        Denis Newman

5  Conversation as Coordinated, Cooperative Interaction  95
        Raymond Gibbs, Jr. and Rachel A. G. Mueller
    Describing Cooperation: Afterward to Section I 115
           Wayne W. Zachary

 II.  Design and Architecture of Cooperative Computing Systems  121
        Scott P. Robertson

6  Explorations in Joint Human-Machine Cognitive Systems  123
        David D. Woods, Emilie M. Roth, and Kevin B. Bennett

7  Cooperation Through Communication in a Distributed Problem-Solving Network  159
        Edmund H. Durfee, Victor R. Lesser, and Daniel D. Corkill

8  The Design of Cooperative Person-Machine Problem-Solving Systems:  187
      A Methodology and an Example
        John L. Goodson and Charles F. Schmidt

      Designing Cooperation: Afterward to Section  II  224
          Wayne W. Zachary

 III.  Studies of Cognition and Cooperation  235
         Scott P. Robertson

9  A Question-Answering Methodology for Exploring a User's
    Acquisition and Knowledge of a Computer Environment  237
        Arthur C. Graesser and Kelly Murray

10  Knowledge Transformations
      During the Acquisition of Computer Expertise  268
        Dana S. Kay and John B. Black
11  Understanding and Leaming Text-Editing Skills:
      Observations on the Role of New User Expectations  304
        Robert Mack
12  Integrative Modeling: Changes in Mental Models
      During Learning 338
         Marc M. Sebrechts, Richard L. Marsh, and Charlotte T. Furstenburg

13  Conclusion: Outlines of a Field of Cooperative Systems  399
        Scott P. Robertson and Wayne W. Zachary

Author Index 415
Subject Index 421