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Hélène Raymond
Hélène Raymond studied both Arabic and Philosophy at La Sorbonne, and now teaches philosophy in a high school in Paris (Lycée Condorcet). In 2016 she received a Ph.D. in Arabic literature on ‘Friendship in the Muslim Orient during the 4th/10th and 5th/11th centuries: forms, functions and major issues’. She there explains that friendship in the Muslim Orient at that time – just as previously in Greek antiquity – cannot be reduced to the emotional relationship between people which is seen nowadays. It can be seen as an ideal to look up to so as to weave the social framework and address the unsociability and divisions that characterize the era of the Eastern Muslim Empire at that time.